School of Business and Economics

Regulatory compliance, strategic agility and sustainable performance of non governmental organizations in lake region economic bloc, Kenya

2026-01-01T00:00:00Z

Regulatory compliance, strategic agility and sustainable performance of non governmental organizations in lake region economic bloc, Kenya OWUOR, Charles Okwany Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) play a vital role in promoting socioeconomic development in Kenya through humanitarian, advocacy, and development interventions. However, many NGOs continue to experience sustainability challenges arising from declining donor funding, increasing operational costs, governance constraints, changing stakeholder expectations, and evolving regulatory requirements. Although Strategic Agility is recognized as an important organizational capability for enhancing adaptability and resilience, empirical evidence on its relationship with Sustainable Performance remains limited, particularly regarding the moderating role of Regulatory Compliance. This study examined the moderating role of Regulatory Compliance in the relationship between Strategic Agility and Sustainable Performance among national NGOs operating within Kenya’s Lake Region Economic Bloc (LREB). Specifically, the study sought to determine the effect of Strategic Agility on Sustainable Performance, examine the effect of Regulatory Compliance on Sustainable Performance, and establish its moderating role in the Strategic Agility–Sustainable Performance relationship. The study was guided by a positivist research philosophy and anchored on Dynamic Capability Theory and Institutional Theory. A quantitative explanatory cross-sectional research design was adopted. The target population comprised 674 registered NGOs. Taro Yamane’s (1967) formula was used because the study had a known finite population and required a 5% level of precision, yielding an initial sample of 251 NGOs. Proportionate sampling ensured representation across NGO sectors. A pilot study involving 25 NGOs, representing approximately 10% of the initial sample, was randomly conducted in five LREB counties to assess the clarity, feasibility, consistency, and suitability of the research instrument, after which necessary refinements were made. Following exclusion of the pilot participants, 226 NGOs constituted the main study, from which 217 valid questionnaires were obtained, representing a 96% response rate. Data were collected electronically using structured questionnaires through Kobo Toolbox and analyzed using descriptive statistics, simple linear regression, and hierarchical multiple regression.The findings showed that Strategic Agility had a statistically significant positive effect on Sustainable Performance (β = .563, p < .001; R² = .564; F = 278.02, p < .001). Regulatory Compliance also positively predicted Sustainable Performance (β = .637, p < .001; R² = .606). In hierarchical regression, adding Regulatory Compliance increased explained variance from 56.4% to 67.7% (ΔR² = .113; F = 224.57, p < .001). Adding the Strategic Agility × Regulatory Compliance interaction increased explained variance further to 71.7% (ΔR² = .040; F = 179.84, p < .001). The interaction was negative and statistically significant (β = −.148, p < .001), indicating that higher Regulatory Compliance reduces the incremental contribution of Strategic Agility to Sustainable Performance. The findings therefore demonstrate that while Strategic Agility and Regulatory Compliance independently contribute positively to Sustainable Performance, their interaction is conditional. The study concludes that sustainable NGO performance requires balancing strategic adaptability with regulatory accountability. The study contributes to Dynamic Capability Theory and Institutional Theory by demonstrating how organizational capability and institutional governance jointly shape NGO Sustainable Performance in the LREB PhD Thesis

Effect of funding structure and liquidity on the financial performance of sugar manufacturing firms in Kenya

2025-01-01T00:00:00Z

Effect of funding structure and liquidity on the financial performance of sugar manufacturing firms in Kenya ODOYO, Samson Oando The sugar industry is critical, supporting over 100 million people globally by providing fuel and food. In Kenya, approximately 8 million individuals depend on the sugar firms for their livelihoods, whether directly or indirectly. This industry significantly contributes to the national economy, representing 15% of the agricultural Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as of 2022, while its contribution to GDP in 2023 was 0.5%. The substantial role of the sugar firms highlights their importance in promoting economic sustainability and generating employment within the agricultural sector. However, sugar manufacturing firms face challenges such as unstable finances, inefficient manufacturing methods, and competition from cheaper imported sugar. Despite government efforts to improve the firm's performance by providing additional funding, many firms continue to experience declines in profit, attributed to insufficient working capital and liquidity to sustain their operations. This has led to a situation where most firms are burdened with substantial debts amounting to Kshs 58 billion as of December 31, 2018. The primary objective of this research was to determine the effect of funding structure and liquidity on the financial performance of Kenya's sugar manufacturing firms. The specific objectives of this study were to determine the effect of funding structure on the financial performance of sugar manufacturing firms in Kenya, establish the effect of liquidity on the financial performance of sugar manufacturing firms in Kenya, and evaluate the moderating effect of liquidity on the relationship between funding structure and financial performance of sugar manufacturing firms in Kenya. This study was anchored on the trade-off theory. The interrelationship among variables, funding structure, liquidity, and financial performance is illustrated in a conceptual framework. A correlational research design was used, and nine sugar manufacturing firms were selected through a census sampling technique. A total of 324 secondary data points were collected from 2014 to 2022. The analysis of data was conducted using the ARDL model, which considers the short- and long-term impacts of liquidity and funding structure on financial performance. The results showed a significant positive relationship between the funding structure and Economic Value Added (coeff = 0.863, p = 0.000), meaning that the EVA is expected to increase by 86% for every 1% increase in the funding structure. a positive and significant relationship between liquidity and Economic value added (coeff=0.940, p=0.000), meaning that for every 1% increase in liquidity, the EVA is expected to increase by 94%. and that liquidity moderates the relationship between funding structure and Economic Value Added (coeff = 2.760, p = 0.001). This reveals that Companies that excel in liquidity management and maintain an appropriate funding structure are more likely to achieve higher Economic Value Added (EVA) over the long run. Given the positive long-term contribution of liquidity and EVA, it can be inferred that Kenyan sugar manufacturing firms should prioritize maintaining robust liquidity levels to strengthen their funding structure and ultimately create long-term value. The study concludes that funding structure and liquidity have significant relationships with economic value added and that liquidity moderates the relationship between funding structure and economic value added. The study recommends that firm managers and policymakers design more effective interventions and support mechanisms to maintain a proper balance between the components of funding structures and ensure a healthy level of liquidity within the sugar manufacturing firms. The findings are relevant for investors, firm managers, and policymakers as they can develop frameworks and guidelines that encourage better liquidity management practices within the industry. PhD Thesis

Influence of institutional size on the relationship between equity financing and lending propensity of micro-finance banks in Kenya

2025-01-01T00:00:00Z

Influence of institutional size on the relationship between equity financing and lending propensity of micro-finance banks in Kenya OWUOR, Omondi Edwin Globally, bank lending remains a critical issue, sparking continuous debate in both policy and academic circles. The lending propensity of financial institutions, including microfinance institutions (MFIs), averages 133.8% of GDP globally while Sub-Saharan Africa lags at 45.5%. In Kenya, lending as a percentage of GDP has declined sharply from 35.22% in 2015 to 12.2% in 2023, despite policy interventions such as interest rate caps, risk-based lending and capital regulation. Given that over 75% of GDP is driven by credit availability, this trend presents a significant economic concern. Existing studies have explored factors influencing lending, with mixed empirical findings regarding the role of equity financing and institutional size. However, most research is based on data from developed economies, while studies in emerging markets, including Kenya, primarily focus on commercial banks rather than microfinance banks (MFBs). Furthermore, the limited research on Kenyan MFBs largely examines financial performance rather than lending propensity. Existing studies show limited focus on effect of equity financing on lending propensity of microfinance banks (MFBs) in Kenya. Evidence on the role of institutional size is equally scarce, and its moderating influence in this relationship remains untested. This study therefore examines the influence of institutional size on the relationship between equity financing and lending propensity of Micro Finance Banks in Kenya .Specifically, the study sought to assess the effect of equity financing on lending propensity of MFBs in Kenya; to evaluate the effect of institutional size on lending propensity of MFBs in Kenya and to examine the moderating effect of institutional size on the relationship between equity financing and lending propensity of MFBs in Kenya. The Bank Capital Channel Theory and Pecking Order Theory serve as foundation for this study. The research used a correlational research design. The population for this research is 14 registered MFBs in Kenya from 2015–2023 where 10 MFBs were sampled purposively and pooled for 9 years in order to generate 90 observations. Secondary data were collected from audited financial statements using data collection sheet. Diagnostic tests verified that data satisfied classical regression assumptions. The research further utilized Moderated Multiple Regression to test Hypotheses, analyzing direct effects of equity financing as well as institutional size on lending propensity, and moderating influence of institutional size on lending propensity. Findings for Objective One are that equity financing has a negative impact on lending propensity (β = -0.421, p = 0.0001), which signifies that a unit increase with respect to equity financing by MFBs lowers lending propensity by 0.421, and that MFBs with greater use of equity financing are more likely to use a more risk-averse lending strategy. Findings for Objective Two are that lending propensity is positively influenced by institutional size (β = 0.251, p = 0.0000), which signifies that every unit increase with respect to natural log of institutional size is linked with a 0.251 increase with respect to lending propensity, which signifies that size plays a crucial role in increasing the credit expansion capability. Objective Three findings reveal a significant moderating effect (β = 0.108, p = 0.0054), confirming that institutional size conditions the effect of equity financing, offsetting its adverse influence and strengthening the case for moderation in emerging markets. The study shows equity financing reduces lending propensity of Kenyan MFBs, while institutional size positively moderates this effect. Expense ratio, regulatory capital, and risk tolerance also shape outcomes. Recommendations include financing diversification, institutional scaling, technology-driven loan recovery, and strengthened oversight with targeted support for smaller MFBs. PhD Thesis

Effects of spillover, boundary management, and social norms on employees’ work-life balance in national referral hospitals in Kampala, Uganda

2026-01-01T00:00:00Z

Effects of spillover, boundary management, and social norms on employees’ work-life balance in national referral hospitals in Kampala, Uganda ENID, Arinaitwe Healthcare workers (HCWs) in Uganda’s national referral hospitals struggle to achieve work-life balance (WLB) due to heavy workloads, workforce shortages, and limited supportive policies, leading to high stress levels and low job satisfaction. Globally HCWs face burnout from poor WLB, a challenge worsened in sub-Saharan Africa by staffing deficits. In Uganda, 46% of HCWs consider relocation due to burnout and poor conditions, while Kampala’s referral hospitals, handling high patient loads (e.g., 90-120 births monthly with nurse-to-patient ratios exceeding 1:100), provide a critical context for studying WLB dynamics. Existing research focuses narrowly on family-related spillover, overlooking broader dimensions (affect, behavior, values), while other studies focused on identifying factors contributing to positive spillover rather than establishing a causal link between spillover and employee work-life balance. Additionally, some studies on boundary management only looked at one dimension of boundary management (work-family segmentation) thereby overlooking other constructs like work-life integration and boundary control while other studies focused on how people manage boundaries between work and personal life without establishing the causal relationship between boundary management and work-life balance. Moreover, studies that focus on social norms focus on isolated aspects of social norms such as work values or gender roles without integrating critical dimensions of social norms such as social responsibility, agreeableness, and social desirability. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to examine how spillover effects, boundary management, and social norms collectively influence WLB among HCWs in Kampala’s referral hospitals, offering insights for policy and workplace interventions. Using a correlational design within a positivist framework, grounded in spillover, work-family border, and cultural-historical activity theories, the study surveyed a stratified random sample of 352 HCWs from a population of 2,914. Validated questionnaires (content validity: 0.900, 0.913; reliability: 0.717, 0.897) were analyzed with descriptive statistics and multiple regression, revealing a strong relationship between predictors and WLB (R = 0.883, R² = 0.780). Social norms (β = 0.641, p < 0.001) and boundary management (β = 0.528, p < 0.001) positively influenced WLB, while spillover had a negative impact (β = -0.255, p < 0.001). These findings, reflecting challenges like 57.4% of HCWs experiencing workload-driven stress and 43.3% intending to leave within six months, highlight the need for targeted interventions. Recommended strategies include flexible scheduling, boundary management training, regular WLB audits, and institutionalizing WLB metrics to address dissatisfaction and reduce turnover intentions. By providing research-backed solutions, this study informs human resource policies in Uganda’s healthcare sector and similar high-pressure settings globally, enhancing employee well-being and mitigating burnout. The study recommends hospitals to implement after-hours communication protocols, mandatory recovery periods, and emotional decompression programs. Boundary management should be prioritized through workflow redesign, and scheduling autonomy tools. Social norms require cultural transformation via leadership modeling. PhD Thesis

Optimizing pragmatic strategic management practices to augmentactive tuberculosis case finding within health facilities in Nairobi County, Kenya

2025-01-01T00:00:00Z

Optimizing pragmatic strategic management practices to augmentactive tuberculosis case finding within health facilities in Nairobi County, Kenya ANGALA, Patrick Strategic management is essential for achieving organizational objectives; however, its application in healthcare—particularly in tuberculosis (TB) control—remains limited. The strategic management practices are known to positively correlate organizations growth and they include strategy formulation, goal establishment, financial ratio examination, Total Quality Management, social capital cultivation, and enhancing entrepreneurial orientation. The Porter Diamond Theory of National Advantage, developed to explain the competitive advantage that nations or regions may possess based on specific domestic factors. Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens and include TB, malaria, HIV/AIDS, and influenza. TB continues to pose a major global health threat, responsible for approximately one million deaths annually. Despite Kenya’s significant investments in active TB case finding, 40% of cases remain undetected, with Nairobi County alone contributing over 14% of the country's annual TB notifications. This study addresses the research gap by assessing how optimizing pragmatic strategic management practices can improve active TB case finding within health facilities in Nairobi County. Specifically, the study sought to: (1) establish the implementation rate of strategic management practices; (2) model the strategic management practices coefficient matrix; (3) measure the capacity of health facility staff in implementing strategic management practices; and (4) determine the challenges and significance associated with optimizing strategic management practices in active TB case finding within healthcare facilities in Nairobi County. Guided by the Porter Diamond Theory and grounded in pragmatic philosophy, the study adopted a mixed-methods design. Data were collected from 220 of 239 TB treatment facilities (92.1%) and 406 clinic respondents (84.9%) between April and June 2024 through structured questionnaires and four focus group discussions conducted. The implementation period assessed was January 2020 to December 2023. The reliability coefficient of the instrument was 0.794, with goal establishment demonstrating strong sampling adequacy (KMO = 0.745). Findings indicate a low implementation rate of strategic management practices, yet these practices significantly predicted TB case finding outcomes (β = .574). Sensitization and availability of strategic plans were significantly associated with case finding success (χ² = 49.771, p < .001). Although infrastructure was generally rated highly, specific areas such as screening spaces were inadequate. Frequent capacity building showed a significant positive relationship with case finding (χ² = 11.223, p = 0.0003), while training duration showed no such association. Strategic practices correlated positively with firm strategy and structure (r = .356, p < .001), and logistic regression revealed that strategic management practices predictors were associated with a 25% to 84% likelihood increase in case detection. Key challenges included inadequate staffing, logistical barriers, financial impropriety and equipment maintenance issues. The study recommends optimizing strategic planning, enhancing community engagement, increasing innovation, and ensuring sustainability through resource mobilization. It also proposes adapting the Porter Diamond Theory with locally grounded frameworks that incorporate health systems thinking and governance tools. The study contributes significant empirical evidence on the role of strategic management practices in improving TB case detection and informs policy and practice in public health strategy design PhD Thesis

Moderating effect of financial sustainability on the Relationship between financial innovation and financial Growth of non-governmental organizations in lake Region economic bloc -kenya

2024-01-01T00:00:00Z

Moderating effect of financial sustainability on the Relationship between financial innovation and financial Growth of non-governmental organizations in lake Region economic bloc -kenya ACHIENG, Eunice Achola Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) play a major role in supporting the well-being of underprivileged persons in less developed nations. Their funding stability and financial growth sustainability are foundamental to effective attainment of their goals. However, financial growth sustainability remains a key concern for even the most established NGOs world over. Whereas over the period 2010 to 2020, there has been a significant increase in NGOs being incorporated within the Lake Region Economic Bloc (LREB), literature reveals that 70% of the newly incorporated NGOs don’t survive when donor funding stops; attributing this to their inability to raise adequate internal funds. In terms of subject scope, the study is from the broad field of finance and sub field of financial management and area scope perspective study was carried out in Lake Region Economic Bloc. Empirical studies on the nexus between financial innovation, sustainability and NGOs’ growth revealed varied findings; but majority of which examine profit making organizations, making it unknown how financial innovations and sustainability influence financial growth of NGOs. The purpose of this study was to analyze moderating effect of financial sustainability on the relationship between financial innovation and financial growth of non-governmental organizations in Lake Region Economic Bloc-Kenya. Specifically, the study sought to; determine influence of financial innovation on financial growth of NGOs in LREB Kenya, to establish influence of financial sustainability on financial growth of NGOs in LREB Kenya and investigate the moderating effect of financial sustainability on the relationship between financial innovation and financial growth of NGOs in LREB Kenya. The study was guided by Resource based view, Diffusion, Porter’s generic and Schumpeter theories of innovation; which provide how new ideas spread to influence competitive advantage. Social Constructivist Research paradigm was adopted and executed through Crosssectional Research Design. The target population for this study was 517 respondents consisting of the CEOs and Finance managers. A sample of 220 respondents was selected based on modified Mugenda and Mugenda formula using simple random sampling method. Cross-sectional data involving both primary and secondary data were collected. Secondary data on financial growth was obtained from published NGOs’ reports while primary data on innovation was collected using structured five-point likert scale questionnaires. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential techniques involving; frequencies, percentages, independent samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation and multiple regressions; to establish extent of innovation adoption and effect on financial growth of NGOs. Alpha coefficient of 0.841 indicated that data collection instrument was reliable, and validity test was done by involved experts judgement from Lecturers in research, NGOs experts. Results indicated that adoption of financial innovations significantly enhanced financial growth by 16.04% hence rejection of the H01 null hypotheses. Adoption of financial innovations was very high in LREB-Kenya given indices of 0.9. Further, product, process and structural innovations increased financial growth for NGOs in the LREB-Kenya by approximately 3.5%, 0.5% and 7.1% respectively hence a rejection of null hypotheses .A regression analysis coefficient of 2.796 having a p-value 0.015 for number of donors a sustainability aspect in the non-moderation effect model indicated a significant positive relationship between number of donors and percentage change in revenue such that a percentage increase in number of donors increased percentage change in revenue for NGOs in the LREB-Kenya by 2.8%, Null hypothesis rejected H02. A significant 2 R change of 0.033; 2 R changed from 73.7% to 77% after moderation implying that financial sustainability had a significant moderating effect of 3.3% and it enhanced influence of product, process and structural innovations on financial growth by 0.7%, 0.2% and 6.9% respectively, hence rejection of H03 Null Hypothesis. Results showed that financial innovation and sustainability significantly influenced financial growth of NGOs in LREB-Kenya by enhancing growth in revenues and financial sustainability significantly moderated the relationship between financial innovation and financial growth of NGOs in LREBKenya by enhancing influence of financial innovations on change in revenue. Findings of this study may be invaluable to management of NGOs in embracing financial innovation and sustainability adoption, scholars and policy makers. This is likely to enhance their revenue growth. More importantly, findings may also contribute to academia by providing valuable empirical data on innovation strategies influencing financial growth. PhD Thesis

Effect of financial information systems on the relationship between control activities, risk assessment, and revenue collection in lake region economic bloc counties in Kenya

2025-01-01T00:00:00Z

Effect of financial information systems on the relationship between control activities, risk assessment, and revenue collection in lake region economic bloc counties in Kenya OKISE, Joshua Clinton Revenue collection is vital for financing public services and driving sustainable development. Advanced economies like the United States, China, and India have recorded notable gains, with the U.S. tax-to-GDP ratio rising from 25.8% in 2020 to 26.6% in 2021, China from 20.1% to 21.0%, and India posting a 34% revenue increase in 2021/2022.In contrast, Nigeria‘s ratio fell from 6.0% in 2019 to 5.5% in 2020, while Kenya‘s dropped from 15.8% to 15.2% between 2020 and 2021. The Lake Region Economic Bloc (LREB) performed worse, with its ratio stagnating at 4% (2019–2022) before declining to 3% in 2023–2024, resulting in only 65–72% revenue realization and a 30.8% funding gap, forcing reliance on costly borrowing. Existing studies affirm the importance of internal controls and financial systems but reveal gaps: focus on private sector contexts, limited exploration of FIS as a moderator, reliance on cross-sectional or perception-based data, and lack of robust diagnostic testing. This study examined the effect of Financial Information Systems (FIS) on the relationship between control activities, risk assessment and revenue collection in the Lake Region Economic Bloc (LREB) counties in Kenya. Objectives include assessing the effects of control activities and risk assessment, as well as the moderating role of FIS in strengthening these relationships. Grounded in Contingency, Agency, and Task-Technology Fit theories, the study adopted a correlational panel design using secondary data from all 14 LREB counties (2015–2024), applying panel regression to evaluate these relationships. The regression analysis reveals that both internal control activities (ICA) and financial information systems (FIS) are positively and highly significant predictors of revenue collection, with a % increase in ICA corresponding to a 5.8% increase in revenue collection (z = 7.71, p < 0.001) and a % increase in FIS associated with a 6.7% increase in revenue collection (z = 8.60, p < 0.001). Critically, a significant synergistic interaction exists between ICA and FIS (β = 0.016, z = 3.33, p = 0.001), indicating that their combined effect on revenue performance is greater than the sum of their individual impacts. While the Annual Risk Index Score itself showed a negative but marginally non-significant effect in the fixed-effects model (β = –0.013, t = –1.80, p = 0.096), FIS significantly moderates this relationship, with the interaction term (Risk × FIS) being positive and significant (β = 0.009, t = 2.18, p = 0.049), demonstrating that robust financial systems mitigate the adverse effects of risk. The model explains substantial variance in revenue collection, with an overall R² of 64.5% and a within-county R² of 71.7%. The study conclusively establishes that internal control activities (ICA) and financial information systems (FIS) are fundamental drivers of revenue collection efficiency in the Lake Region Economic Bloc counties, with a significant synergistic interaction underscoring the necessity of integrating these systems for superior outcomes. Furthermore, FIS serves a critical risk-mitigation role, counteracting the negative effects of annual risk on revenue performance, while persistent unobserved county-specific factors also substantially influence revenue capacity. Based on these findings, recommendations include prioritizing the concurrent strengthening of ICA and FIS to leverage their synergy, deploying FIS strategically for risk mitigation, adapting policies to county-specific contexts due to significant between-county variation (ρ = 0.620), and investigating specific county-level factors such as governance structures and institutional capacity to inform targeted policy design. Policy should focus on capacity-building for finance staff and extending digital revenue platforms to grass-roots micro-traders (―Mama Mboga‖) to promote equity and compliance. PhD Thesis

Renewable energy value chain dynamics and productive sector growth in Kenya

2026-01-01T00:00:00Z

Renewable energy value chain dynamics and productive sector growth in Kenya MASIBAYI, Peter Situma Despite Kenya's substantial progress in renewable energy development, productive-sector growth remains constrained, raising concerns about whether the country's renewable energy transition is translating into improved performance across agriculture, manufacturing and services. Between 2015 and 2023, agriculture contributed about 20.9% and manufacturing about 8.3% of Kenya’s GDP, while services accounted for 55%. As of 2023, Kenya had an installed capacity of about 2,453MW, with 80–90% from renewable sources. However, persistent load-shedding, low grid-penetration and capacity utilization below 30% have created a structural energy gap, with net imports accounting for 22.3% of total energy use. Existing studies treat renewable energy stages in isolation and largely ignore transmission–distribution losses, despite their importance in determining usable electricity, costs, reliability and sectoral outcomes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of renewable energy value chain dynamics on growth in Kenya's productive sector. Specifically, this study has examined the effects of renewable energy value chain dynamics on the manufacturing, services and agriculture sectors in Kenya. This study is anchored in an augmented Cobb–Douglas framework derived from the Solow–Swan growth model and adopts a correlational design. Time series data from 1980 to 2024 were sourced from WDI and EIA and analyzed using ARDL-ECM frameworks. Findings show that renewable energy consumption and installation significantly influence manufacturing, with β = 6.517 (p = 0.001) and β = 44.405 (p = 0.037) three years earlier, supporting the energy-led growth and endogenous growth theories that link reliable energy access to productivity expansion. Generation exhibits mixed effects, with β = 24.554 (p = 0.010) two years earlier, reflecting value chain dynamics and structural inefficiencies in energy systems, while transmission-distribution losses reduce output with β = -48.318 (p = 0.011) four years earlier, underscoring infrastructure constraints and efficiency losses. Service performance is positively influenced by consumption, with β = 60.264 (p = 0.000), consistent with demand-led growth theory, while generation shows persistent negative effects, with β = -236.864 (p = 0.009) two years earlier, indicating supply unreliability and inefficiencies. Transmission-distribution losses exert marginal negative effects. Agriculture responds to installation with mixed effects, with β = 261.390 (p = 0.003) one year earlier, reflecting structural adjustment, while consumption supports performance with β = 10.899 (p = 0.049) one year earlier. Transmission-distribution losses show marginal positive effects. These findings imply that strengthening energy efficiency, reducing losses and aligning renewable energy deployment with sector-specific needs are critical for lowering costs, enhancing productivity and advancing climate-resilient growth in line with Africa’s Agenda 2063. PhD Thesis

Effect of supplier relationship management on the relationship between electronic data interchange integration and supply chain performance in sugar manufacturing firms in western Kenya

2018-01-01T00:00:00Z

Effect of supplier relationship management on the relationship between electronic data interchange integration and supply chain performance in sugar manufacturing firms in western Kenya AGWANDA, Peter Raila Globally and in Kenya to be specific, there has been a challenge on cost of manufacturing. Manufacturing cost has been rising for; a status report from the Sugar Directorate indicates that wholesale price of sugar in February 2017 was at average Sh 5, 352 per 50 kg, compared with Sh 4, 432 in the same period last year. In Kenya, sugar cane production decreased from 6.7 million tons in 2013 to 6.5 million tons in 2014 as reported in Economic Survey of 2014. Moreover, despite reporting increased cane delivery in 2015, supply chain in sugar firms remained dismal indicating inefficient firm processes and overall poor performance due to high cost of production. Its argued that supply chain(SC)s may use Electronic data interchange integration(EDII) to mitigate on cost and improve firm performance.SRM is management of all interactions with suppliers, while SCP performance means responsiveness, timeliness and reliability However; studies have not addressed this adequately. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of supplier relationship management on the relationship between electronic data interchange integration and supply chain performance among sugar firms in western Kenya, the study established effect of electronic data interchange integration on supply chain performance; effect of supplier relationship management on supply chain performance; and effect of supplier relationship management on the relationship between electronic data interchange integration and supply chain performance. This study was anchored on resource based, transaction cost analysis, and social exchange theories. Correlation research design was used. Target population was 300 supply chain employees from 10 sugar manufacturing firms in western Kenya. A sample of 169 was drawn using cluster, purposive and simple random sampling. 10% of the sample was used to pre-test the questionnaire. Questionnaire and interview guides were used to collect primary data. Secondary data was obtained from Company’s’ records. Validity and reliability results were ≥ 0.7.9. EDI explained 55.1% of the variation in performance (R2=0.551), e-sourcing (β = 0.170, p<0.05); e-invoicing (β = 0.255, p<0.05), e-ordering (β = 0.208, p<0.05), and e-payment (β = 0.264, p<0.05) were positive and significant predictors of performance. SRM explained 40.2% of the variance in performance (R2=0.402). SRM moderates the relationship between EDI and performance (R2 change = 0.0354, p=0.0012). The study concluded that EDI, SRM have significant effects on SCP and that SRM has moderating effect on the relationship between EDI and SCP. The study recommends that adopted EDII in SCP should be implemented consistently for improved performance and because SRM has a significant relationship between EDII and SCP it should been enhanced for increased performance. Findings may provide useful information for policy formulation for faster decision making in enhancing increased customer service level in the sugar firms and availability of research literature for further research PhD Thesis

Organizational conditions for integrated financial management information systems’ implementation in five selected county governments in Kenya

2025-11-07T00:00:00Z

Organizational conditions for integrated financial management information systems’ implementation in five selected county governments in Kenya MUSUMBA, Charles Wakhaya Integrated Financial Management Information System (IFMIS) is a technology implementation in the budgeting, procurement, payroll and payment functions. It has been adopted in more than 50 countries around the world. Implementation of IFMIS in sub-regions such as counties often encounter challenges related to enforcement of internal controls, lack of management support, low staff commitment and centralized organizational structures. The counties of Nairobi, Turkana, Mombasa, Makueni and Baringo exhibited more of these challenges. As the controller of budget reports indicted, all the five counties recorded a 15% deviation in budget implementation, had high rates of manual payrolls, and a high number of errors in procurement and payments. Studies examining organizational conditions and IFMIS implementation in the five counties were missing. The focus on national controls and structures and use of quantitative techniques based on single case studies further limited the in-depth understanding of the conditions in the counties. This study sought to examine internal controls conditions, management support conditions, employee commitment conditions and organizational structure conditions and their role in IFMIS implementation in the five selected county governments in Kenya. The study was undertaken in the counties of Baringo, Makueni, Nairobi, Mombasa, and Turkana. Constructivism was adopted as the research philosophy. The study used qualitative approach to obtain in-depth views and experiences from multiple data sources. Multiple case study design was adopted to allow for triangulation. Data collection used interviews and observations based on interview guide and observation codebook. The target population was 20 directors, four from each county. Purposive sampling was undertaken to obtain directors of procurement, payment, payroll and budget. A total of 17 directors were successfully reached. The study used thematic analysis based on ATLAS.ti software. Data presentation used diagrams, photos, tables and discussion. Results confirmed the lack IFMIS controls in the five counties. Lack of policies and procedures was negatively connected to accountability and role clarity. Users encountered repeated IFMIS errors due to lack of IFMIS audits and reports. Management support to IFMIS implementation was observed. The provision of resources, motivation and training was connected to reduction of service interruptions. However, the counties lacked an IFMIS coordination and communication framework. This resulted to IFMIS service delays. Employee commitment was observed in norms such as punctuality. This was connected to IFMIS task completion. There existed negative attitudes and beliefs on IFMIS performance and job fitness. This resulted to user resistance of IFMIS adoption. The IFMIS use structures were highly centralized and departmental integration was lacking. This resulted to low departmental collaborations. The study also found high power distance which resulted into redundancies and use of manual system. The study recommends that senate reviews IFMIS related legislations to allow for county-level policies, procedures and audits. The study also recommends periodic IFMIS user reviews and IFMIS reengineering to align with emerging needs. Further, the study recommends that counties set up an IFMIS coordination and communication mechanism to enhance IFMIS implementation. The study also recommends that counties adopt a flat IFMIS operational structure to reduce bureaucracies and speed up project implementation. Future studies are recommended in non-county settings for comparative analysis. The main contribution of this study was the proposed Framework for Evaluation of Management Information Systems (FEMIS). FEMIS will have applications in academic research and organizational assessments of Management Information Systems. PhD Thesis