School of Arts and Social Sciences

A history of women’s land rights and food production in Kasipul division, Homa-Bay county Kenya, 1908-2012

2023-01-01T00:00:00Z

A history of women’s land rights and food production in Kasipul division, Homa-Bay county Kenya, 1908-2012 MIRERI, Moses Matunga In most developing countries, land is the most essential resource for agricultural production. As such, secure access, ownership and use of land leads to improved food security hence poverty reduction especially in the rural areas. Much as it is imperative to note that a lot of ground has been covered through affirmative action, the graph still remains skewed to the disadvantage of women, especially in rural areas. Despite women being the main food producers for their families, a majority of them still do not have secure access to, use and ownership of land. In Kenya, the rights to property are guaranteed in law for both men and women. However, the realization of this objective has not been optimized due to intersectional factors. And based on the centrality of women in food production, rural areas like Kasipul continue to witness food insecurity due to questions of rights to access, usage and disposal of land. This study has therefore interrogated from a historical perspective, women‘s land rights and its impacts on food production among the Luo of Kasipul from 1908 to 2012. The study accounted for British colonial policies on women's land rights and food crop production among the Luo of Kasipul from 1908 to 1963; evaluated the government's land policy for increased food production in Kasipul after independence from a gendered perspective; and examined the implications of constitutional reformsin Kenya on women‘s land rights in relation food production in Kasipul from 2002 to 2012. The study was guided by Berman‘s (1984) articulation of modes of production theory whose two main tenets are; forces of production defined as the modes of appropriation of nature that encompasses all the resources used in production andsecondly, relations of production which implies the way in which labour is organized and reproduced. The study also adopted Intersectionalitytheory as proposed by Crenshaw (1989) and used the simultaneity tenet to unpack the multilayered forms of gender inequality affecting women. The study adopted descriptive research design. Through the use of the Purposive and Snowball sampling techniques, a sample size of 40 respondents was determined. In-depth Interviews, Key Informant Interviews and Focus Group Discussions as well as archival records were utilized to gather primary data while desktop research was used to gather secondary data. The study then utilized qualitative methods of data analysis to draw conclusions and used discussions approach to present the findings.The study established that colonial policies on land, labor, and taxation impacted on women‘s rights of ownership, usage and disposal of land which had a direct impact on optimization of food production in Kasipul.Furthermore, the land tenure reforms initiated soon after independence undermined the customary laws that had secured usufruct rights to land by women. Men, who were regarded as the legitimate heads of households were registering land in their names. In addition, the laws and policies passed by successive post-colonial governments to promote women land rights were not put into practice fully. This happened despite the effort to enable women, whether married or not, to access, own, utilize, and even inherit land. The capacity of women to manage land in a way that would increase food production was hampered by the lack of security around their land ownership and use. Finally the studydemonstratedthat Kenya's 2010 constitutional proclamation furthered the advancement of women's land rights. However, this did not bridge the gap for most women, especially those in rural areas who continue to grapple with multilayered obstacles to full realization of their rights to land. The study therefore recommended that state and non-state actors should partner in the sensitization of women on the provisions of the law that guarantees those rights to land.

Effect of rainfall variability on selected food crops Production in Nyando sub county, Kisumu county Kenya

2023-01-01T00:00:00Z

Effect of rainfall variability on selected food crops Production in Nyando sub county, Kisumu county Kenya ODUNDO, Tom Rainfall variability has led to detrimental influence on food crop production in different parts of the world. Many countries experience cases of reduced crop production thus lowering food security. Kenya being an agricultural country, has been affected by variation of rainfall leading to reduced food production. Nyando Sub-County has experienced incidences of rainfall variability which has affected crops that are rain-fed. Despite the fact that studies have been conducted on the effect of rainfall variability on food crop production, there was pending need to provide detailed information on how rain had affected maize, beans, and African nightshade. The data used in this study was for the past 10 years (2013 -2022) because it is within this period that the study area received fluctuating rainfall in terms of magnitude, duration and timing which affected production of maize, beans and African nightshade. The crops are the staples within the study area but their production was perceived to decline over the same period. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to assess the effect of rainfall variability on selected food crops production. The specific objectives of this study were: to examine the effect of duration of rainfall on maize, beans and African nightshade production; to establish the effect of magnitude of rainfall on maize, beans and African nightshade production; to assess the effect of timing of rainfall on maize, beans and African nightshade production in Nyando Sub County. A Quasi-longitudinal research design was adopted. The study was conducted in five wards in the sub-county namely; Ahero, Awasi, Kobura, East Kano and Kabonyo. A sample size of 384 household heads was selected using Fischer’s formula from a target population of 24,866 households. The household heads’ selection was done through simple random sampling for Questionnaire administration. Primary data collection methods were Observation, Photography, Key informant interview and Focus Group Discussions. Literature from KMD and Sub County and County Agricultural offices provided secondary data. Qualitative data was analyzed through themes. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as means, percentages and standard deviation. Simple regression analysis was conducted to determine the effect of rainfall duration, magnitude and timing on yields of maize, beans and African nightshade. The regression model was found linear and significant; Rainfall duration and maize yield was [F (383) =25.63, P < .001, R2 = .65], Beans yield [F (383) =20.42, P < .001, R2 = .47], and African nightshade Yield [F (383) =19.41, P < .001, R2 = .38]. This is because both beans and the African nightshade are cover crops which are susceptible to floods. Rainfall magnitude and maize yield showed [F (383) =11.45, P < .001, R2 =.44], Beans yield [F (383) =16.08, P < .001, R2 = .37], and African nightshade Yield [F (383) =8.73, P < .001, R2 = .34]. This was so because the mean rainfall volume was not enough for maximum maize yield. The reduction in both beans and nightshade yields was possibly due to extreme fluctuations in rainfall volumes during short rains seasons. Rainfall timing and maize yield [F (383) =13.68, P < .001, R2 =.44], beans yield [F (383) =21.24, P < .001, R2= .38], and African Nightshade Yield [F (383) =14.45, P < .059, R2 =34]. Poor timing affected maize yields in short rains timing. Similarly, the depreciation in both beans and African nightshade yields was possibly due to rainfall unpredictability which is common during short rains. However, correct rainfall timing resulted in the increase in the African nightshade yields. The findings were fundamental to the farmers as they advised on the importance of timing of rainfall enable them prepare adequately for onset of long and short rains to realize best crop yields. The findings showed that rainfall variability affected the production of the three crops hence the need to minimize absolute reliance on rain-fed farming, adopt smart farming and use hybrid seeds that mature faster. Meteorological data interpretations should be availed to farmers for timely planting

Geographical segregation on fertility of women in Kisumu East Sub county, Kisumu county, Kenya.

2023-01-01T00:00:00Z

Geographical segregation on fertility of women in Kisumu East Sub county, Kisumu county, Kenya. ODUOR, Loy Kinda v ABSTRACT Fertility and geographical segregation are some of the major factors influencing human population growth. The fertility rate of Kisumu East Sub County is rated at 4.8 per woman exceeding the average for the county, national and the global which is 4.2, 3.4 and 2.3 respectively per woman. It has been established that the segregation may influence fertility, however, it was not well understood how various aspects of segregation influence fertility. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of geographical segregation on fertility of women. Specific objectives were to: establish the influence of exposure on the number of children; determine the influence of concentration on the number of children; determine the influence of centralization on the number of children; and establish the influence of clustering on the number of children born per woman. This study was guided by Becker's economics theory of fertility and Hägerstrand theory of Spatial diffusion. A minimum sample size of 384 women respondents aged between 18-49 years were obtained as determined by the Fisher’s formula and selected using stratified random sampling, cluster and snowball sampling techniques. Purposive sampling was employed to identify key informants. Primary data were gathered by questionnaires, KI interviews and FGDs. Secondary data were collected from DHS reports, census reports, and un-published media. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics: gamma statistics, spearman’s rank correlation coefficients, multiple logistic regressions, multiple correlation coefficient and multinomial logistic regression. Qualitative data were analysed by coding, creating categories, themes and patterns then evaluating the usefulness of the information in answering the research questions. The results showed that sharing common centres and mean number of children born per woman, had a strong significant positive relationship (r=0.675). Daily and weekly social interactions showed a strong positive significant linear correlation with fertility (r =0.732, p = 0.03). Cultural norm was a major factor likely to influence the first and the last childbirth. Moreover, there is a strong positive and statistically significant linear correlation (r =0.50, p = 0.04) between social interactions and number of children born. Gamma statistic coefficient of 0.493 indicated moderately strong positive association between levels of geographical concentrations and number of children born. Number of children born correlated negatively (r =- 0.612, p=0.02) with low geographical concentration. The results showed that the correlations between centralization and number of children born was strong and positive (r=0.625, p=0.026). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that 81.5% of variation of number of children born per woman could be predicted from the combined influence of length of stay in the neighbourhood and mean monthly income. The study recommended that productive social interactions like seminars, conferences and group meetings should be highly encouraged among women through setting up public arenas for social gathering where women can meet for exchange of vital reproductive information. Emphasis should be put on women empowerment and reproductive health.

Infuence of land use practices on dominant tree species diversity, richness, evenness, and abundance in Ugenya Sub-county, Kenya

2023-01-01T00:00:00Z

Infuence of land use practices on dominant tree species diversity, richness, evenness, and abundance in Ugenya Sub-county, Kenya ODUOR, David Ochieng Change in Land use practices are important indicators of socio-cultural and economic advancement. The common practices for example, rapid human settlement development and unsustainable livestock farming affect distribution of the dominant trees, conversely, Influence of the change in practices on the tree species diversity Richness, Evenness, and abundance is understood. Farm-forestry is contributing to the restoration of trees. However, information relating the 10% Farm-forestry and tree species diversity Richness, Evenness, and abundance is contradicting. Palatable tree organs are unsustainably harvested for forage supplement. Even so, proof about the Influence of stocking rate on the tree species diversity Richness, Evenness, and abundance was attracting varied qualitative justifications in the literature. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess the Influence of land use practices on dominant tree species diversity, Richness, Evenness, and abundance. The specific objectives of this research were; to analyze Influence of human settlement on the species diversity, Richness, Evenness, and abundance to evaluate the Influence of farm-forestry on the species diversity, Richness, Evenness, and abundance and; to assess the Influence of livestock farming on the species diversity, Richness, Evenness, and abundance. Out of 33,565 households, using Fisher‟s formula, a sample size of 384 household heads was recruited for questionnaire administration between December 18th 2021 and February 24th of 2022. Descriptive cross-sectional survey design and Systematic random sampling was used. Primary data sources included; questionnaires, Focused Group Discussions, key informants, observation, measurement, and photography. Secondary data was extracted from; Geographical text books, publications, and print media. The Tree species that had a Diameter at Breast Height of ≥ 5.0 inches were enumerated and their diversity, richness, evenness, and abundance measured using Shannon Wiener‟s Diversity index. Palatability tests were performed, and tree forage preference measured using Manly‟s alpha/Chesson‟s index. Qualitative data on specific objectives which had mean scores were compared using the Independent Two-sample t test. The written and verbal information were categorized and analyzed theme wise. The Hubbert‟s Bubble pattern of depletion theoretical model was used. Quantitative data was processed by Microsoft Excel and analyzed using the R Statistics version 4.1.3. The null hypothesis was rejected, the multiple Coefficient of Determination (R2) showed that 67.6%, 57.2%, 48.4%, and 45.6% of the variations in the species Diversity, Richness, Evenness, and Abundance respectively could significantly be explained by the joint variation in the values of independent variables. The result revealed an average Shannon Wiener‟s diversity index (H) of M = 1.58, SD = 0.24 compared to a possible maximum of H = 4.5. A significant estimate of 52% of the sampled Dominant trees were established through planting. From the 27 tree species studied, an average richness (M= 6.00, SD = 2.41) and an abundance of (M = 36, SD = 2.46) per acre was reported. At approximately 13% Eucalyptus SPP was the highest ranked followed by Markhamia lutea at nearly 12%. A significant round figure of 59% of the species richness was composed of the indigenous trees. Species evenness was (M = .71, SD = 0.04), however, the enumerated 2510 trees with an average age of (M = 9.22, SD = 4.42) years, and DBH of (M = 6.83, SD = 1.99), the exotic trees registered a higher abundance of about 56%. It was therefore concluded that the studied Land Use Practices significantly influenced the dominant tree species diversity, richness, evenness, and abundance. To mitigate the low tree species diversity, richness, evenness, and abundance, it is crucial to sensitize the stakeholders on the ecological functions and benefits of diversifying the tree species establishments.

Effect of anthropogenic activities on terrestrial flora and Fauna species in Rachuonyo South sub county, Homabay county Kenya

2023-01-01T00:00:00Z

Effect of anthropogenic activities on terrestrial flora and Fauna species in Rachuonyo South sub county, Homabay county Kenya JUMA, Christine Atieno Globally, terrestrial flora and fauna species are at the brink of extinction yearly due to the increase in human population. Yearly, species reduce at 34% globally and 68% in Kenya as result of increased anthropogenic activities. The current rapid population growth has led to increased anthropogenic activities and population pressure on the land posing threats to the survival of terrestrial flora and fauna species. In Kenya, Rachuonyo South Sub County is characterized by rising population growth evidenced by a population density of 511 persons/Km2 which was far above the national population density of 82 persons/Km2. This poses a threat to existing flora and fauna species in the region. However, there is less documentation on specific anthropogenic activities and the type and number of flora and fauna species affected by these activities. About 74% and 97% of population in Rachuonyo depends on agriculture and wood fuel respectively. Notably, hunting and gathering and vegetation clearance are anthropogenic activities taking place in Rachuonyo, and yet it is not well documented on how these activities are threatening terrestrial flora and fauna species. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of anthropogenic activities on terrestrial flora and fauna species. The objectives of this study were to: identify the terrestrial flora and fauna species threatened by anthropogenic activities, explain the effect of hunting and gathering on terrestrial flora and fauna species and determine the effect of vegetation clearance on terrestrial flora and fauna species. The study was guided by ecological t h e o ry . A cross-sectional descriptive research design was used. A minimum sample size of 379 household heads was taken out of a target population of 30,990. Purposive sampling was used to get 10 key informants. Primary data were collected through questionnaires, key informant interviews, photography and field observation, while secondary data were obtained from published and unpublished reports. Expert judgement was used to determine validity while Cronbach Alpha was used to ascertain reliability of the instruments. Qualitative data was examined through content analysis and quantitative data was analyzed using frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviation. The study revealed that there are 80 and 25 threatened terrestrial flora and fauna species respectively in Rachuonyo South Sub-County. The study revealed that daily and weekly hunting were found significant and negatively correlated with the number of animals hunted down r (377 = -.587., p = .04 and r (377 = -.465, p = 02. Daily gathering was significant and negatively correlated to the amount of vegetation gathered r (377 = -.778., p = .05 (Table 24). Both once a year and twice a year vegetation clearance were found significant and negatively correlated with the number of animals hunted down r (377 = -.543., p = .04 and r (377 = -.455, p = 02 respectively. Both once a year and twice a year vegetation clearance was found significant and negatively correlated with the number of flora species r (377 = -.527., p = .04 and r (377 = -.345, p = 02 respectively. The study concluded that Rachuonyo South Sub County is endowed with a variety of terrestrial flora and fauna species with hunting and gathering and vegetation clearance threatening the survival of these species. The study recommends on sensitization of the local community on the importance of terrestrial flora and fauna species. There is need for enhancement of conservation measures so as to ensure protection and conservation of these species for increased biodiversity in the region and country at large.

Social factors associated with tobacco smoking among medical students of Maseno university, Kenya

2023-01-01T00:00:00Z

Social factors associated with tobacco smoking among medical students of Maseno university, Kenya ONGALO, Stephen Odhiambo Tobacco smoking is a major health concern among healthcare professionals globally; it kills and sickens millions of people annually. In the US and UK, tobacco is responsible for about one in five and one in eight deaths annually respectively. It is projected that about 10 million people would die annually by 2030 since tobacco related diseases take time to become evident. A global commitment by World Health Organization to reversing the tobacco epidemic was done in 2003 by member states adopting WHO-FCTC which laid out specific evidence based action to reduce the demand for tobacco by at least 30%. Prevalence rate among medical students globally ranges from 2 to 58% despite the interventions put in place. Smoking among medical students may impact negatively on their health, future professional conduct and consequently safety of patients. Protecting medical students from tobacco smoke is essential to help them survive and thrive. Medical students are future doctors and role models in the society. Subsequently, their smoking habits have a direct impact on the cessation rate. In Kenya, the magnitude of tobacco smoking among medical students is unclear since the data is scanty. The main objective of the study was to establish the social factors associated with smoking among medical students of Maseno University, Kenya. The specific objectives were to: examine the socio-demographic characteristics associated with smoking habits of medical students of Maseno University, establish the relationship between social referent groups and smoking habits of medical students of Maseno University and assess the association between attitude of medical students and smoking habits. The study was guided by the theory of planned behaviour by Icek Ajzen (1991) since it is best used to predict behaviour guided by its three constructs; behavioural control, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control. The study was carried out in Maseno University in both Schools of Medicine and School of Nursing which had a total of 712 medical students enrolled in the schools. For quantitative data collection, 264 students were sampled using stratified random sampling using Yamane (1967) formula. Qualitative data was collected from purposively selected medical and nursing students to participate in the four focus group discussion (FGDs) of eight students each. In addition, deans of School of Medicine, School of Nursing and one officer from NACADA were purposively selected as key Informants. Quantitative data was analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS software 20.0 version while qualitative data was coded and organized in themes and sub-themes for generalization purposes using NVivo software. Chi-square was used to test the association with 5% level of significance. The findings revealed that the main influence on students to start smoking was peer pressure which may be direct or normative to take up certain habits such as initiating tobacco use. Mass media has greater influence in shaping minds of medical students who are in the social transition to adulthood. There was also demonstrable evidence that parental smoking influence smoking habits of young adults. The study also revealed that health and religious considerations are important motives for not smoking. The study also exhibited that attitude played a role in smoking habits of medical students. The study concluded and recommended that there should be targeted cessation interventions by the stakeholders to mitigate smoking among medical students; prevention programmes should be broad based with priorities to target peer effect and parents for effective results

Inculturation in the Roman Catholic Church: the integration of polygamy among Lou ethnic community of Kisumu deanery

2023-01-01T00:00:00Z

Inculturation in the Roman Catholic Church: the integration of polygamy among Lou ethnic community of Kisumu deanery MBUYA, AMBROSE OBONG’O Polygamy is one of the pastoral challenges facing the Roman Catholic Church in the world. The 1962 Second Vatican Council, 1981 Symposium of Episcopal Conferences of Africa and Madagascar and 1986 Association of Member Episcopal Conferences of Eastern Africa plenary meetings and the 1994 first African Synod of Bishops recommended; a re-examination of matrimonial theology, formulation of family catechesis and inculturated matrimonial institution to integrate polygamous families into the Christian community. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to investigate the impact of inculturation of marriage on polygamous families among Luo ethic community in Kisumu Catholic Deanery. The specific objectives of this study were to: determine the view of the Roman Catholic faithful on polygamy, examine the perception of the Roman Catholic faithful on inculturation of marriage, analyze the steps taken or not taken to inculturate marriage, and, examine the consequences of steps taken or not taken to inculturate marriage on Roman Catholic polygamous families in the Deanery. The study applied the concept of inculturation: a concept used in the Roman Catholic Church to imply an on-going dialogue between faith and culture. The study population comprised of the 420,602 Roman Catholics in the thirty three parishes. The sample population was three hundred and sixty Catholic faithful from five purposively selected parishes. In each parish the following ninety seven parishioners were purposively sampled: parish priest, chairman of the parish executive committee, five catechists, thirty polygamists, twenty monogamists not in sacramental life and chairman of the parish lay association committee from ten major associations in the parish. At the Deanery level the following twenty five key informants were purposively sampled: the Archbishop, Vicar general, Dean, pastoral coordinator, vocation director, youth coordinator, three expert theologians, justice and peace coordinator, minor seminary rector and fourteen curates. Primary data was collected through participant observation, interviews, case study and focus group discussion while secondary data collection was facilitated by library literature and archival information. The study used analytical research design. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches were employed in the data analysis. This study revealed that majority of catholic Christians has a negative attitude towards polygamy. The results also showed most Christians do not understand the concept of inculturation of polygamy. The study further revealed that inculturation of marriage has not been implemented deeply in the deanery. It was also noted that polygamous are not recognized by the church. In conclusion there is no pastoral program yet implemented to evangelize polygamous families since the Roman Catholic Church has not formulated an inculturated Luo Catholic marriage institution. Generally the study recommends that inculturation should be deeply rooted within the African families

Uchanganuzi wa mofosintaksia ya Luganda katika matumizi ya kiswahili sanifu wilayani Kampala, Uganda

2023-01-01T00:00:00Z

Uchanganuzi wa mofosintaksia ya Luganda katika matumizi ya kiswahili sanifu wilayani Kampala, Uganda MULEI, MARTIN Kiswahili ni lugha ya Kibantu yenye mifumo na miundo ya kiisimu ambayo ina upekee wake. Upekee huu husababisha tofauti za kiisimu na lugha nyinginezo za Kibantu kimuundo na kimfumo na kujenga athari za mwingiliano wa kimofosintaksia unaodhihirika katika matumizi ya Kiswahili sanifu. Ingawa Kiswahili sanifu kinafundishwa shuleni nchini Uganda, matokeo ya matumizi yake yanadhihirisha athari za mwingiliano wa miundo na kanuni za vipashio vya kimofosintaksia vya Luganda katika maandishi na mazungumzo ya wanafunzi ambao L1 ni Luganda. Azma ya utafiti huu ilikuwa kuchanganua miundo na kanuni za mofosintaksia za Luganda na Kiswahili ili kubaini athari za mwingiliano wa utafiti huu ilikuwa: Kwanza, kufafanua jinsi vipashio vya kimofosintaksia vya Luganda sanifu hufanana na kutofautiana na vya Kiswahili sanifu. Pili, kuchanganua miundo na kanuni za mifanyiko ya kimofosintaksia ya Luganda na Kiswahili, tatu kutathimini athari za mwingiliano wa mofosintaksia ya Luganda katika matumizi ya Kiswahili sanifu. Utafiti huu uliongozwa na mihimili miwili ya Ubia na Upatanifu ya nadharia ya Umilikifu na Unganifu ya Chomsky (1981). Mihimili ya sarufi bia na upatanifu ilizingatiwa katika kufafanua na kuchanganua kanuni za mofosintaksia ya Luganda katika Kiswahili sanifu. Muundo wa kimaelezo ulitumika katika utafiti huu. Utafiti huu ulifanyika katika kata tano za wilaya ya Kampala, Uganda. Ulijikita katika taaluma ya isimu linganishi na tumikizi. Ulichunguza jinsi isimu ya lugha za Kibantu huchangiana, kuingiliana na kuathiriana katika matumizi. Mbinu ya usampulishaji nasibu ilitumika kuteua shule 12 ambazo zinafundisha Kiswahili katika kidato cha sita. Mbinu ya kimaksudi na dhamirifu ilitumika kuwateuwa wanafunzi 54 wa kidato cha sita ambao L1 ni Luganda na watumiaji wa Kiswahili kama L2. Data ilikusanywa maktabani kwa kutumia mbinu ya uchanganuzi matini kutumia kifaa cha kudondoa data cha orodhahakiki chenye sifa za kimofosintaksia zinazotambulisha vipashio vya kimofosintaksia, miundo yake na kanuni za matumizi kudodoa data kulingana na malengo matatu ya utafiti. Nyanjani data ilikusanywa kutoka kwa wanafunzi kupitia kwa mijarabu na mijadala. Mijadala iliandaliwa kwa wanafunzi kujadili matokeo ya mijarabu ili kutathimini athari za mwingiliano wa kimofosintaksia wa Luganda katika matumizi ya Kiswahili sanifu katika maandishi na mazungumzo shiriki. Data ilichanganuliwa na kuwasilishwa kutumia mbinu ya kimaelezo ikishirikisha majedwali na michoro kudhihirisha jinsi kanuni na miundo ya mofosintaksia ya Luganda inavyoingiliana na kuathiri matumizi ya Kiswahili sanifu miongoni mwa wanafunzi wa Kiswahili ambao L1 ni Luganda. Utafiti huu ulibaini kuwa licha ya Luganda na Kiswahili sanifu kuwa lugha za nasaba moja, ni lugha mbili tofauti za Kibantu zenye vipashio, miundo na kanuni za mifanyiko ya kimofosintaksia zinazofanana na kutofautiana. Uchanganuzi ulibaini athari za mwingiliano wa mofosintaksia ya Luganda katika matumizi ya Kiswahili sanifu. Tathimini ya mwingiliano ulidhihirisha athari za uhamishaji, ujumlishaji, uchopekaji, udondoshaji, uchanganyaji, uongezaji wa fonimu na maumbo, miundo na kanuni za mifanyiko ya mofosintaksia ya Luganda katika matumizi ya Kiswahili sanifu. Athari hizi zilidhihirisha ukiukaji wa matumizi ya maumbo, miundo na kanuni za vipashio vya kimofosintaksia vya Kiswahili sanifu na kusababisha matumizi ya Kiswahili kisicho sahihi hasa katika mazungumzo na maandishi ya wanafunzi ambao L1 ni Luganda. Matokeo haya ni mchango mkubwa katika taaluma ya isimu linganishi ya lugha za Kibantu kwa kutambua athari za mwingiliano wa vipashio, miundo na kanuni za mifanyiko ya mofosintaksia ya Luganda kudhihirisha jinsi inavyoathiri matumizi ya Kiswahili sanifu, kukuza na kuendeleza umilisi na matumizi ya Kiswahili sanifu nchini Uganda. Utafiti huu ulipendekeza tafiti zaidi kufanywa kuhusiana na mwingiliano wa L1 katika matumizi ya L2 ili kuweka mikakati na misingi ya kukuza na kuendeleza umilisi na matumizi ya Kiswahili sanifu miongoni mwa wanafunzi unaotokana na mchango na athari za L1.

Social factors influencing participation of Jaramogi Oginga Odinga university of science and technology students in Sports betting in Bondo sub-county, Kenya

2022-01-01T00:00:00Z

Social factors influencing participation of Jaramogi Oginga Odinga university of science and technology students in Sports betting in Bondo sub-county, Kenya ALUOCH, JOSEPHINE The legalization of betting in Kenya has resulted in widespread availability of betting in the society compared to when gambling was exclusive to casinos and clubs. A poll carried out in six African countries established that sports betting prevalence was highest among Kenyan youth, at 76%, notably among university students, with regrettable consequences. Despite being a social activity, inadequate studies had explicitly examined the social contexts of sports betting among university students. Demographic profiles were yet to be examined in existing studies on sports betting yet demographic characteristics had been identified as risk factors for gambling in general. The influence of subjective norms such as family, peer and social pressures on betting behaviour had not been adequately examined. The relationship between marketing and the attitudes of sports bettors was also not well understood. The main objective of the study was to examine the social factors influencing the participation of Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology students in sports betting. The specific objectives were to; examine the influence of demographic profiles on the betting behaviour of students; establish the association between subjective norms and the betting behaviour of students and to assess the association between marketing and the attitude of students towards betting. The study was anchored on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (Ajzen, 1985). A correlational research design was adopted. A sample size of 385 respondents out of a target population of 10,090 undergraduate students was derived from Yamane’s Formula (1967). Stratified random sampling was utilized to ensure proportional representation of each school according to its population. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected using a structured questionnaire and a focus group discussion guide. Data for objective 1 were analysed using logistic regression to establish the predictors of betting behaviour where P-values of <0.05 were considered significant and the odds ratio captured to show the magnitude and influence of variables on betting behaviour. Chi-square test was carried out for objectives 2 and 3 where P-values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Thematic analysis was used to analyse qualitative data and results reported verbatim. Out of the 385 respondents, 323 were bettors while 62 were none bettors. Among the bettors, 231 were male while 92 were female. The demographic profiles were all predictors of betting except for the age of respondents. There was a significant relationship between subjective norms and the betting behaviour of students as well as between marketing and the attitude of respondents towards sports betting. The study concluded that the variables examined were all significant in determining the decision of students to bet. The study recommended that the government should come up with tailored intervention programmes that target youth of all ages, that awareness be created among parents on the harms associated with sports betting and that promotion of betting during sporting events be prohibited to discourage the association between watching football and betting because of the strong link between this and increased levels of betting involvement. Further research for other youth populations to determine the factors that influence their betting behaviour was required, a comparative study was necessary to establish whether social motivations to bet supersede intrinsic motivations and a content analysis of betting advertisements should be carried out to examine the features that trigger betting behaviour among the youth.

Daily nation framing of news on Kenya’s political parties in the 2017 general elections.

2022-01-01T00:00:00Z

Daily nation framing of news on Kenya’s political parties in the 2017 general elections. WANYONYI, Bushuru. Annah This study sought to analyse the Daily Nation framing of news on Kenya’s political parties in the 2017 General Elections. Despite the fact that media has a role to play in informing and educating the electorate, the modern day electorate continues to go to the polls with skewed understanding of the electoral process, the contenders and what their parties stand for. They therefore may end up making uninformed choices at the ballot. Several studies have been conducted on print media coverage of elections and specifically sought to gain insight into priming of political party leaders and informative role of media during elections. However, why the electorate makes uniformed choices at the ballot and effects of this partisan voting on a general election is an area that has remains unexplored which this study seeks to delve into. Daily Nation being the newspaper with the largest readership in the country was analysed to determine what it primed in its news on political parties. The specific objectives of the study were; to analyse the framing of messages on political parties prior to the 2017 general elections and to assess the prominence given to the political parties by the Daily Nation prior to the 2017 general elections. The study used the framing theory as propounded by Goffman 1974, to analyse aforementioned objectives. The study used Descriptive research design of the Daily Nation to analyse newspaper reports for a period of sixty-six days when the electioneering activities were at their peak. All the 66 DN newspaper editions published during this period of intensified political activities were analysed as it population of study is limited. The collected data was analysed using descriptive statistics in SPSS. Reliability of this research was enhanced using systematic and transparent methods of data collection. On the other hand, validity of the research was enhanced by using a coding tool that was relevant and appropriate in line with the research questions. Ethical issues in the research were observed through using an appropriate sampling procedure and a large sample size to guard against misrepresentation of facts. Masters Thesis