Association among Cases of Women with first degree Family History of Diabetes Mellitus, Previous Macrosomia and Preterm Births, and Pregnancy Weight Gain at Mama Lucy Kibaki Hospital, Nairobi City

Abstract

Thisstudyinvestigatedtheeffectofbioflocandgreenwaterconditionsonthesurvival,growth,reproductivetraits,andfattyacidcompositionofthebrineshrimpArtemiafranciscana.Artemiawasculturedinglassjarsusingthreereplicatedtreatments,thatis,Control(7.0×106cellsml−1offreshlyculturedTetraselmistetrathele),greenwatertechnology—GWT (control+0.5 g/L of chicken manure extract [CME]) and biofloctechnology—BFT(GWT+molasses).Artemiacystswerehatchedandbatchculturedina1-Lglassjarcontaining500mlofnaturalseawater,stockedat2nauplii/ml.Inthefirst2days,ArtemiawasfedwithfreshT.tetratheleforconditioning,afterwhicheachtreatmentwasapplieddailyuntiltheendoftheexperiment.Artemiaculturesweremaintainedat28.0±1◦Cusinganelectricallyheatedwaterbathsystemwithcon-stantaerationandlight(2000lux)for30days.TherewashigherArtemiasurvivalinBFT(91.3±3.2%)culturesthanGWT(78.1±2.9%)andControl(66.8±1.3%).Femalepre-reproductiveperiod(days)waslonger(25±0.5)incontrolthaninGWT(21.8±0.7)andBFT(19.6±0.6),whilereproductiveperiod(days)waslongerinBFT(20.9±2.6)thanGWT(16.4±2.3)andControl(12.8±1.9).TotalbroodsperfemaleperdaywerehigherinBFT(4.3±0.3)thaninGWT(3.5±0.2)andControl(2.5±0.3).BFTenhancedtheovoviviparousreproductioncyclewithhighertotaloffspringperfemale(73.5±6.1)thanGWT(66.2±7.9)andControl(42.6±12.1).BFT-culturedArtemiahadhighercon-centrationsofmyristicacid,oleicacid,palmiticacid,linoleicacid,andarachidicacid.BetterArtemiareproductive and nutritive traitsin BFTconditionscould have beenenhancedbythecombinationofnutritiousbioflocandalgalmaterials.BFTandCMEpromiseamajorleaptowardsdevelopinganutritionallyrichdietforArtemia.KEYWORDSArtemia franciscana, biofloc technology, carbon-nitrogen ratio, chicken manure extract (CME),greenwatertechnologyThisisanopenaccessarticleunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense,whichpermitsuse,distributionandreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalworkisproperlycited.©2022TheAuthors.Aquaculture,FishandFisheriespublishedbyJohnWiley&SonsLtd.Aqua.Fish&Fisheries.2023;3:61–70.wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/aff261